How time zone offset table works
The table answers one question for every zone at once: what is this place's offset from UTC right now? Each row shows the IANA zone name, the offset currently in force, the standard (non-DST) offset, whether daylight saving applies at that moment, and the zone's local wall-clock time at your chosen instant. The offsets are read from your device's own IANA time zone database — the same source every modern operating system uses — so they are exactly as current as your system's rules.
Daylight saving is detected by probing each zone in mid-January and mid-July. If the two probes differ, the zone observes DST sometime that year; comparing the current offset with the lower of the two says whether summer time is in force right now. Probing both seasons is what lets southern-hemisphere zones be correct: Sydney really is on summer time in January, when New York is not.
The zone list deliberately includes the cases people trip over: the half-hour zones (India at UTC+05:30) and quarter-hour zones (Nepal at UTC+05:45, Chatham at UTC+12:45/13:45), the giants that abolished DST (China, India, Phoenix), the hemispheres that run DST in opposite halves of the year, and the extremes from Midway at UTC−11:00 to Kiritimati at UTC+14:00 — the first place on Earth to see each new day.